In these studies, indicators of the community social environment are compared with indicators of health of the people already living in each community. Given that people cannot be randomly assigned to live in communities with different social characteristics to observe their health over time, to date most investigations of the potential link between community social characteristics and health have been based on observational data. The results of several studies have suggested that the social characteristics of communities (e.g., social cohesion, social capital, trust among community members) are often related to individuals’ health ( Chaix, Lindström, Rosvall, & Merlo, 2008 Fujisawa, Hamano, & Takegawa, 2009 Kavanagh, Turrell, & Subramanian, 2006 Lau & Ataguba, 2015 Subramanian, Kim, & Kawachi, 2002 Yen, Michael, & Perdue, 2009). Community, Health, Loneliness, Social capital, Social conflict
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